Half Humanoid Robot

Abstract

Mini robots represent a rapidly evolving field in robotics, driven by advancements in microelectronics, sensors, and intelligent control systems. These compact robotic systems are designed to perform tasks in confined or hard-to-reach environments where conventional robots are impractical. Despite their small size, mini robots are capable of autonomous or semi-autonomous operation, incorporating features such as obstacle detection, wireless communication, and energy-efficient motion control. They are increasingly applied in areas including healthcare, industrial inspection, environmental monitoring, and educational platforms. The development of mini robots emphasizes low power consumption, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability, making them suitable for both research and real-world applications. This abstract highlights the design principles, functional capabilities, and potential applications of mini robotic systems, demonstrating their growing importance in modern technological solutions.

Introduction

Robotics has become a vital part of modern technology, impacting industries such as automation, healthcare, education, and research. Among recent advancements, mini robots have gained significant attention due to their compact size, efficiency, and ability to operate in confined or complex environments where larger robots are unsuitable. These small-scale robotic systems can perform tasks such as obstacle avoidance, line following, remote operation, and data collection.

The development of mini robots is supported by advancements in microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, and wireless communication technologies. These components enable the robot to sense its environment, process information, and execute precise movements despite its small size.

Objectives

The main objectives of the project are to:

• Design and develop a compact mini robot capable of autonomous operation.

• Integrate sensors and control systems for effective environment sensing and decision-making.

• Implement efficient motor control for accurate navigation.

• Enable obstacle detection and ensure safe operation.

• Maintain low power consumption and cost-effectiveness.

• Test and evaluate real-time performance.

• Demonstrate practical real-world applications.

Proposed System and Working Principle

The proposed system integrates a microcontroller-based control unit with sensors and actuators. The robot operates using a battery-powered system. Sensors such as ultrasonic or infrared detect obstacles and send data to the microcontroller, which processes the information and controls motor drivers accordingly. This coordination of sensing, processing, and actuation enables controlled and autonomous movement.

Hardware and Software

The hardware components include a microcontroller, motor driver (L298N/L293D), DC motors, ultrasonic or infrared sensors, battery supply, chassis, wheels, and optional wireless modules (Bluetooth/Wi-Fi).
Software tools such as Arduino IDE, Embedded C, Serial Monitor, Proteus/Tinkercad, and Bluetooth mobile applications are used for programming, simulation, debugging, and wireless control.

Results

The developed mini robot demonstrated stable movement, accurate navigation, and effective obstacle detection. It responded appropriately to environmental changes, ensuring safe and reliable operation.

Applications

Mini robots have applications in:

• Education and research

• Surveillance and security

• Search and rescue

• Environmental monitoring

• Industrial automation

• Medical assistance

• Entertainment and hobby projects

Future Scope

Future developments may include advanced autonomy, improved navigation systems, swarm robotics, IoT-based remote monitoring, enhanced medical applications, improved energy efficiency, and expanded educational use.

Advantages

• Compact and portable

• Cost-effective

• Low power consumption

• Easy to operate and maintain

• Versatile and scalable

• Safe for human interaction

Limitations

• Limited payload capacity

• Short battery life

• Restricted speed and power

Overall, the mini robot project demonstrates a practical, efficient, and scalable robotic system suitable for various real-world applications, with strong potential for future enhancements.

Conclusion

The mini robot project successfully demonstrates the design, development, and implementation of a compact, low-cost, and efficient robotic system. The robot effectively integrates sensors, a microcontroller, and actuators to perform autonomous or semi-autonomous navigation with obstacle detection and avoidance.

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Irfan Sheikh, Aditya Pirsingulwar, Devika Sonwane, Palak Yadav, Puja Varma, Niketan Rangari. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.